Fidgetin-like 2 as a target to enhance wound healing

ABSTRACT

Methods of treating a wound in a subject are provided comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2. Compositions and pharmaceutical compositions comprising an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 are also provided. Methods are also provided for identifying an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/057,480, filed Mar. 1, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/487,221, filed Sep. 16, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,279,124, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/553,155, filed Jul. 19, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,853,181, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/510,172, filed Jul. 21, 2011, the contents of each of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number GM065940 awarded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The government has certain rights in the invention.

SEQUENCE LISTING INCORPORATION

The “.txt” Sequence Listing filed with this application by EFS and which is entitled 96700_1855_ST25.txt, is 26 kilobytes in size and which was created on Jun. 11, 2012, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent application publications and books referred to in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety into the subject application to more fully describe the art to which the subject invention pertains.

The development of safe and effective therapies for treating acute and chronic wounds is an issue currently of great interest to clinical scientists and industry, alike. Wound healing is an intricate, multi-stage process that relies heavily on the delivery of new cells to the wound zone. Two key elements of the wound healing response are fibroplasia and epithelialization when fibroblasts and epithelial cells, respectively, enter the wound to form a protective barrier from the external environment. This is stimulated by cell proliferation and migration from the wound edge. The identification of agents that increase the rate at which cells invade and close a wound would represent a major advance in wound healing therapeutics. Ideally, this would be a topically applied agent that stimulates the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and wound edge epithelial cells.

The present invention addresses this need and identifies a novel target in promoting wound healing and provides therapies and assays based thereon.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating a wound in a subject is provided comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 effective to treat the wound.

A pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2.

A method for identifying a candidate agent for treating a wound comprising:

-   a) determining the activity of an amount of Fidgetin-like 2; and -   b) contacting the amount of Fidgetin-like 2 with the candidate agent     and determining the activity of the amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the     presence of the candidate agent, wherein a decreased activity of the     amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the presence of the candidate agent as     compared to the activity of Fidgetin-like 2 in the absence of the     candidate agent indicates that the candidate agent can treat a     wound, and wherein no change in or an increased activity of the     amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the presence of the candidate agent as     compared to the activity of Fidgetin-like 2 in the absence of the     candidate agent does not indicate that the candidate agent can treat     a wound.

An inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is provided for treating a wound or promoting wound healing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B: Fidgetin-like 2 is expressed in human tissue culture cells where it localizes to microtubules. FIG. 1A shows a Western blot of human U2OS cell lysates probed with an anti-Fidgetin-like 2 antibody generated in-lab. This antibody recognizes a single band that is substantially decreased by Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treatment (see FIG. 2 below). FIG. 1B shows a migrating U2OS cell double-labeled for Fidgetin-like 2 and microtubules. At high magnification (inset), Fidgetin-like 2 clearly co-localizes with spans of the microtubule lattice near the cell edge.

FIGS. 2A-2E: Cells depleted of Fidgetin-like 2 display a several-fold increase in their rate of wound healing and migration. FIG. 2A shows Western blots of U2OS cell lysates obtained from control (N) and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cultures (72 hrs. after treatment). Actin was used as a loading control. FIG. 2B shows time-lapse phase contrast images of “wound healing” assays performed in control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cultures. In these assays, a monolayer of U2OS cells is “wounded” by a pipette tip and the invasion of cells into the wound is monitored over time. FIG. 2C shows the average rate of wound closure in each condition which is increased nearly 4-fold after Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA. FIG. 2D shows the trajectories of single control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cells as they enter the wound zone. Not only do Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA-treated cells move several-fold faster than controls, they also display more directionally persistent migration as indicated in FIG. 2E.

FIG. 3: Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA also dramatically enhances chemotaxis of cultured human cells. The impact of Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA on chemotaxis of human U2OS cells was measured in a transwell assay (modified Boyden chamber). This assay counts the number of cells that move through 8 μm pores towards a chemoattractant loaded in the distal well. The graph in FIG. 3 shows the number of control (N) and siRNA-treated (F12) cells that migrated through the pores before and three hours after the addition of a chemoattractant (Fetal Bovine Serum).

FIG. 4: siRNA directed to Fidgetin-like 2 elevates the rate of U2OS cell proliferation.

FIG. 5: Kymographs showing (left) severing of a MT incubated 50 nM recombinant Fidgetin and (right) depolymerization at the minus-end of a polarity marked induced MT incubated with 25 nM Fidgetin. ATP was added in both conditions. The reaction is entirely inhibited by the non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue, AMPPNP.

FIG. 6: Left panels show time-lapse phase contrast images of “wound healing” assays performed in control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cultures of human dermal fibroblasts. In these assays, a monolayer is “wounded” by a pipette tip and the invasion of cells into the wound is monitored over time. The right panel shows the average rate of wound closure measured in each condition.

FIGS. 7A-7B: Topical application of Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA encapsulated in nanpoparticles (np-si) increases the rate of wound closure in vivo. A) Images showing the closure of control and Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treated full thickness biopsy wounds positioned next to one another on the flank of a mouse. B) Plot showing the average rate of wound closure from each condition (n=3). Error bars are SEM. Wound closure is plotted to 50% because smaller wounds are difficult to measure with accuracy.

FIG. 8: Histology of Control and Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treated mouse biopsy wounds: Hematoxylin and Eosin staining of 5 mm punch biopsy wounds, mouse skin, day 9 after wounding. Control wounds (left) demonstrate a thin layer of re-epitheliazed epidermis with mounds of serum crust overlying. The dermis is composed of inflammatory, disorganized granulation tissue without evidence of subcutis. Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treated wounds demonstrate a completely re-epithelialized epidermis with overlying organized basket weaving stratum corneum. The dermis is devoid of intense inflammation and is infiltrated with parallel fibroblasts. There is a healthy appearing subcutis present.

FIG. 9: Trichome masson staining for collagen reveal a necrobiotic degenerating collagen with minimal pale, newly deposited collagen present in the wound bed in the control (left) wound. In the Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treated wound, minimal cell death (as indicated by red) is noted and homogenous newly formed collagen (light blue) is noted.

FIG. 10: Neoangiogenesis in embryonic hearts treated with Control or Fidgetin-like 2 np-si. Images show representative control and Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treated hearts three days after np-si treatment. In the control, migrating endocaridal cells (GFP-labeled) have penetrated the ventricular wall (arrows) and will undergo angiogenesis over the next several days. By contrast, Fidgetin-like 2 np-si treatment dramatically promotes the angiogenic process by the endocardial cells, which have already formed a fine vascular network at this time point (arrows).

FIG. 11: Fidgetin and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA nanoparticles strongly promote axon regrowth from hippocampal neurons. Images show dissociated rat hippocampal neurons 48 hours after siRNA treatment. (A similar effect was observed after 24 hours; not shown).

FIG. 12: Graphical representation showing Fidgetin and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA nanoparticles strongly promote axon regrowth from hippocampal neurons.

FIG. 13: Fidgetin and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA nanoparticles promote axon growth and differentiation in N2A neuroblastoma cells (cells stained for microtubules).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A method of treating a wound in a subject is provided comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 effective to treat a wound.

In an embodiment, the amount of inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is effective to accelerate wound healing.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is administered locally to the wound. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is administered via a vein or artery. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is administered by injection, catheterization or cannulation. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is administered from an implant that elutes the inhibitor, for example a eluting stent or an eluting skin patch.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is administered topically to the wound.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is a nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is an siRNA or shRNA. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is directed against a DNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2 or against an mRNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment of the method, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 is human Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 comprises consecutive amino acid residues having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In an embodiment, the wound is an epidermal wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a skin wound.

In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiac tissue wound. In an embodiment, the wound is a cardiovascular wound, for example resulting from a myocardial infarction.

In an embodiment, the wound is a neuronal wound.

A pharmaceutical composition is provided comprising an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2. In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 effective to treat a wound in a human subject. In an embodiment, the wound is a skin wound. In an embodiment, the wound is an epidermal wound.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is a nucleic acid.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is an siRNA or shRNA.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition the nucleic acid is directed against a DNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2 or against an mRNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. In an embodiment the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition the Fidgetin-like 2 is human Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment of the pharmaceutical composition the Fidgetin-like 2 comprises SEQ ID NO:2.

A method for identifying a candidate agent for treating a wound comprising:

-   a) determining the activity of an amount of Fidgetin-like 2; and -   b) contacting the amount of Fidgetin-like 2 with the candidate agent     and determining the activity of the amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the     presence of the candidate agent, wherein a decreased activity of the     amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the presence of the candidate agent as     compared to the activity of Fidgetin-like 2 in the absence of the     candidate agent indicates that the candidate agent can treat a     wound, and wherein no change in or an increased activity of the     amount of Fidgetin-like 2 in the presence of the candidate agent as     compared to the activity of Fidgetin-like 2 in the absence of the     candidate agent does not indicate that the candidate agent can treat     a wound.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 is human Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 comprises SEQ ID NO:2.

In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule of 2000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a small molecule of 1000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the candidate agent is a substituted or un-substituted hydrocarbon small molecule.

An inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is provided for treating a wound or promoting wound healing.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is a nucleic acid.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor is an siRNA or shRNA.

In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is directed against a DNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2 or against an mRNA encoding Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 is human Fidgetin-like 2.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 comprises SEQ ID NO:2.

In an embodiment, the inhibitor or the candidate agent is an aptamer, a nucleic acid, an oligonucleotide, or a small organic molecule of 2000 Daltons or less. In an embodiment, the inhibitor is cell-membrane permeable.

The dosage of the inhibitor administered in treatment will vary depending upon factors such as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of a specific inhibitor and its mode and route of administration; the age, sex, metabolic rate, absorptive efficiency, health and weight of the recipient; the nature and extent of the symptoms; the kind of concurrent treatment being administered; the frequency of treatment with the inhibitor and the desired therapeutic effect.

A dosage unit of the inhibitor may comprise a single compound, or a mixture of the compound with one or more anti-infection compound(s) or wound healing-promoting compound(s).

In an embodiment, the siRNA (small interfering RNA) as used in the methods or compositions described herein comprises a portion which is complementary to an mRNA sequence encoding a Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 protein is a human Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, the mRNA is encoded by the DNA sequence NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_001013690.4 (SEQ ID NO:1), and the siRNA is effective to inhibit expression of Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 protein comprises consecutive amino acid residues having the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.

In an embodiment, the siRNA comprises a double-stranded portion (duplex). In an embodiment, the siRNA is 20-25 nucleotides in length. In an embodiment the siRNA comprises a 19-21 core RNA duplex with a one or two nucleotide 3′ overhang on, independently, either one or both strands. The siRNA can be 5′ phosphorylated, or not, and may be modified with any of the known modifications in the art to improve efficacy and/or resistance to nuclease degradation. In an embodiment the siRNA can be administered such that it is transfected into one or more cells. In an embodiment, the siRNA is 5′ phosphorylated.

In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the double-stranded RNA is 80, 85, 90, 95 or 100% complementary to a portion of an RNA transcript of a gene encoding Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, the RNA transcript of a gene encoding Fidgetin-like 2 protein is an mRNA. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 protein is a human Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein one strand of the RNA comprises a portion having a sequence the same as a portion of 18-25 consecutive nucleotides of an RNA transcript of a gene encoding Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin-like 2 protein is a human Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In yet another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a non-nucleotide linker. Alternately, a siRNA of the invention comprises a double-stranded RNA wherein both strands of RNA are connected by a nucleotide linker, such as a loop or stem loop structure.

In one embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is from 14 to 50 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 21 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 22 nucleotides in length. In yet another embodiment, a single strand component of a siRNA of the invention is 23 nucleotides in length. In one embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is from 28 to 56 nucleotides in length. In another embodiment, a siRNA of the invention is 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, or 52 nucleotides in length.

In another embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one 2′-sugar modification. In another embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one nucleic acid base modification. In another embodiment, an siRNA of the invention comprises at least one phosphate backbone modification. As used herein, “at least one” means one or more.

In one embodiment, RNAi inhibition of Fidgetin-like 2 protein is effected by a short hairpin RNA (“shRNA”). The shRNA is introduced into the appropriate cell by transduction with a vector. In an embodiment, the vector is a lentiviral vector. In an embodiment, the vector comprises a promoter. In an embodiment, the promoter is a U6 or H1 promoter. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector is a first nucleotide sequence ranging from 19-29 nucleotides complementary to the target gene/mRNA, in the present case the mRNA encodes Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment the Fidgetin-like 2 protein is a human Fidgetin-like 2 protein. In an embodiment the shRNA encoded by the vector also comprises a short spacer of 4-15 nucleotides (a loop, which does not hybridize) and a 19-29 nucleotide sequence that is a reverse complement of the first nucleotide sequence. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA has overhangs of 1 or 2 nucleotides. In an embodiment the siRNA resulting from intracellular processing of the shRNA overhangs has two 3′ overhangs. In an embodiment the overhangs are UU.

NCBI Reference Sequence: NM_001013690.4 (nucleic acid encoding Human Fidgetin-like 2) (SEQ ID NO: 1)    1 agtgagctat ggggacacta ctgcactgta gcctgggcaa cagagcaaga ccttgtctca   61 aaaatgtata tatattttgg gctttttttc ctaaaacggg aactacaaca gcatatttgc  121 gagctgatga gagtgaccca gcagagaggg aaatggatca gctctgttga agatgcactg  181 gacaccagaa cacgcccagc ccctcaacca gtggccagag cagcacctgg acgtctcctc  241 caccaccccg tcgccggccc acaagttgga gttgccccct gggggtcgcc aacgctgcca  301 ctacgcttgg gcacacgacg acatctcagc cctcactgcc tccaacctcc taaagcgcta  361 tgcagagaag tactctgggg tcttggattc tccctacgag cgtccggccc tgggcgggta  421 cagcgacgcc tccttcctca acggcgccaa aggggatccc gagccctggc cagggccgga  481 gccaccctac cccttggcct cactccacga aggcctccca ggaaccaaat cgggcggtgg  541 cggcggttcc ggggccctgg ggggctcccc agttttagcc gggaacctcc ctgaacccct  601 ctacgccggc aatgcgtgcg ggggcccatc ggcggcgccc gagtacgcgg ccggctacgg  661 cggggggtac ctggcgccgg gttactgcgc gcagacgggc gccgcgctgc ccccgccgcc  721 cccggccgcg ctcctgcagc ccccaccgcc tccggggtac gggccctcag cgccgctgta  781 caactatccc gcagggggct acgcagcgca gcccggctat ggcgcgctcc cgccgccccc  841 aggcccaccc ccggccccct acctgacccc gggcctgccc gcgcccacgc ccctgcccgc  901 gccggcaccg cccaccgcct atggcttccc cacggccgcg ccgggtgccg aatccgggct  961 gtcgctgaag cgcaaggccg ccgacgaggg gcccgagggc cgctaccgca agtacgcgta 1021 cgagcccgcc aaggcccccg tggctgacgg agcctcctac cccgccgcgg acaacggcga 1081 atgtcggggc aacgggttcc gggccaagcc gccaggagcc gcggaggagg cgtcgggcaa 1141 gtacggtggc ggcgtccccc tcaaggtcct gggctccccc gtctacggcc cgcaactgga 1201 gccctttgaa aagttcccgg agcgggcccc ggctcctcgt ggggggttcg ccgtgccgtc 1261 gggggagact cccaaaggcg tggaccctgg ggccctggag ctggtgacga gcaagatggt 1321 ggactgcggg cccccggtgc agtgggcgga tgtggcgggc cagggcgcgc tcaaggcggc 1381 gctggaggag gagctggtgt ggcccctgct caggccgccc gcctacccgg gcagcctgcg 1441 cccgccgcgg accgtcctgc tctttgggcc gcggggcgcg ggcaaagcgc tgctgggccg 1501 ctgcctcgcc acgcagctgg gcgccacgct gttgcgcctg cgcggcgcga ccctggctgc 1561 gcccggcgcc gccgagggcg cgcgcctcct ccaggccgcc ttcgcggccg cgcgctgccg 1621 cccaccctcc gtactcctca tcagcgagct agaggcgctg ctccccgccc gggacgacgg 1681 cgcggcggca gggggcgcgc tgcaggtgcc gctcctggcc tgcctggacg ggggctgcgg 1741 cgcgggggct gacggcgtgc tggttgtggg caccacctcg cggcccgcgg ctctggacga 1801 ggcgacccgc cggcgcttct ctctccgctt ctacgtggcg ctgcccgaca gcccggcccg 1861 cgggcagatc ctgcagcggg cgctggccca gcagggctgc gcgctcagtg agcgggaact 1921 ggcggcgctg gtgcagggca cgcagggctt ctctgggggc gagctggggc agctgtgcca 1981 gcaggcggcg gccggggcgg gcctcccggg gctgcagcgc cccctctcct acaaggacct 2041 ggaggcggcg ctggccaagg tgggccctag ggcctctgcc aaggaactgg actcgttcgt 2101 ggagtgggac aaaatgtacg gctccggaca ctgacggcgc gcgggggagg ccgcgggagc 2161 cgcagtccct ccgtccccgc cgcctccgcg tgggagggat gtcactgact aaacccggct 2221 ggcaggggct ggagtggtga atgtgggatc ggggacagga ggggtctgcc ggtggatatt 2281 ttttttttcg tgggaaggaa aatgcttctg ccaggcagat gccatatgcg ccgtgtactc 2341 aggtttttcc tatttattgt ggactggaag ctcgccatct ccgcccggca gaccgggcag 2401 atccggcatg ggctggcacc cggggcctta agaactcctg ctctcttgcc acaacgcttt 2461 tgtctcctcg ctatctgaat ggcaccctcc ttctccctca ctctctccat cccattctct 2521 gcattctctt ggttttctct cccttttgct ttgtcgctga cacccctgcc caccccatgc 2581 tggccctgtt tctctcctgc ccctccctcc ccagctctcc atccctcacc ctctgtgctt 2641 ctgtctccat ccctggctct ccagcgtccc tggccttttg gtccctgagc tttaatgcct 2701 ttccctgcct tctgttctta tttggactgc agtggccctt tgcaggagct ctggaggccc 2761 aggggctgag gaggagggtt acccctctac ccatctgaaa cctagggtct agggggatca 2821 aggaaaaaaa gtccccaaag aaggggaatt ttttgtttgt ttttgagggg agatcccaga 2881 aatgtagctt gtttcatatt ttagtcttct tatttttgta aaatgtgtag aatttgctgt 2941 ttttcttttt cttttgacaa ctcaggaaga aactgacctc agaaagaatg ttagactttg 3001 gctgctctcc tgtgtgcccc tcacacctgc cccctccccc ccactccatc caggggacca 3061 aattctccca gacactcaaa aaatgagact tacggggaag gggagaggaa gacccagagg 3121 cctcagtgaa accccagcta ttcctggtca gaagcagaat gtattcctaa gggcttcctc 3181 cccagggccg aggcctaggc atgaatgtgg ggagtgggct gtggggtttg agagaaggga 3241 ggccttattc ctctcctgct gctccccacc ccctgcccca cccaacccct ccgctgagtg 3301 ttttctgtga agggctatcc agagttagga tgcccttgcc caattccttc ctgagaccca 3361 gaaggtaggg tgggagggcc caaatgggaa ggtgacctaa gcagaaagtc tccagaaagg 3421 tcatgtcccc tggccctgcc ttggcagagg tccccagtga cttatgctag gaggattcca 3481 tctgggtaga cagtctggcc acaaaatcag ctactggacc tcagccatct ctgctggagg 3541 ctctgaggag gagtgagcat ccctcacttg tgggggctct gtgaggaaat gtgccttccc 3601 cattcccccg gagtcctagg tctggagctc cagggctggg agagggtgag ggagatgggc 3661 aggggtgttt tctctgacct tgggggctta gtctcagtcc tgcctgaact ttccactagg 3721 cttggaaccc ttccaagaac catatttctc tccttcccac caattttccc ttgatgaggc 3781 tttagcagtt tgctcccacc acccccagcc catttcacaa ctctgatctt agtccaaagc 3841 aggggacacg cccccccacc accacttttt ctctctccca tctcagcctc ctgtgcagtt 3901 ccttgcctgc ccgtgcattt cctagagtct actgcctccc ccctggctgg gagggtgtct 3961 gggggggatc tttcaggggc cctggcaccc agggcctgtg ctggcctagg agtgctgacc 4021 agaaggctgc tctgttcccc cccacccccg ttgctttctg gccccctctt tggagccagc 4081 cacccacagg gctttggtgc ctcagaagca gtgggctgcc gggtcacagc cgcaggctgc 4141 aaaagaccct cggagggagc atggagtgag gggttctctc tcaggtgtgt atgtattggg 4201 gggtgggggt gggtggaggg tgtcagggaa gttggggtgg gatcccagcc ttcccttcaa 4261 gaggcaggga gctctgggag gtggagtccc caccgctttc tctactaggc tcctcctgtt 4321 ccccaggctt ggggagcttt gcacaaggag actgccccca gcctagtggc acctacctca 4381 tgggctctgg ggcaggtagg ggaagggcca gtccagctct ggtaatgctg gggggaggca 4441 taccaaagaa tccaggggca gggagtgggg agggtgactt ccgagctggc ctctcccctt 4501 cctctaccca gactggggct gggatcctct cctcccgctg taaccatttc tacctcattt 4561 tgctgcgtgt tgtacatgga cgtatttatc tcctgtctga cgatgctctg cagttgtggt 4621 ctgtctacct cagaagagac tgtattttaa aagaaagtat tacacagtat taaagcgatg 4681 acatgtggtt tgcaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a which encodes:

(human Fidgetin-like 2) (SEQ ID NO: 2) MHWTPEHAQPLNQWPEQHLDVSSTTPSPAHKLELPPGGRQRCHYAWA HDDISALTASNLLKRYAEKYSGVLDSPYERPALGGYSDASFLNGAKG DPEPWPGPEPPYPLASLHEGLPGTKSGGGGGSGALGGSPVLAGNLPE PLYAGNACGGPSAAPEYAAGYGGGYLAPGYCAQTGAALPPPPPAALL QPPPPPGYGPSAPLYNYPAGGYAAQPGYGALPPPPGPPPAPYLTPGL PAPTPLPAPAPPTAYGFPTAAPGAESGLSLKRKAADEGPEGRYRKYA YEPAKAPVADGASYPAADNGECRGNGFRAKPPGAAEEASGKYGGGVP LKVLGSPVYGPQLEPFEKFPERAPAPRGGFAVPSGETPKGVDPGALE LVTSKMVDCGPPVQWADVAGQGALKAALEEELVWPLLRPPAYPGSLR PPRTVLLFGPRGAGKALLGRCLATQLGATLLRLRGATLAAPGAAEGA RLLQAAFAAARCRPPSVLLISELEALLPARDDGAAAGGALQVPLLAC LDGGCGAGADGVLVVGTTSRPAALDEATRRRFSLRFYVALPDSPARG QILQRALAQQGCALSERELAALVQGTQGFSGGELGQLCQQAAAGAGL PGLQRPLSYKDLEAALAKVGPRASAKELDSFVEWDKMYGSGH.

In embodiments, the siRNA comprise one of the following pairs of sense/antisense sequences:

Sense: (SEQ ID NO: 3) UUACACAGUAUUAAAGCGAUU Antisense: (SEQ ID NO: 4) 5′ UCGCUUUAAUACUGUGUAAUU; or Sense: (SEQ ID NO: 5) CAUCUGAAACCUAGGGUCUUU Antisense: (SEQ ID NO: 6) 5′ AGACCCUAGGUUUCAGAUGUU; or Sense: (SEQ ID NO: 7) GUGACUUAUGCUAGGAGGAUU Antisense: (SEQ ID NO: 8) 5′ UCCUCCUAGCAUAAGUCACUU; or Sense: (SEQ ID NO: 9) GGUCAGAAGCAGAAUGUAUUU Antisense: (SEQ ID NO: 10) 5′ AUACAUUCUGCUUCUGACCUU.

In an embodiment, the siRNA is double-stranded and comprises SEQ ID NO:3 and 4; SEQ ID NO:5 and 6; SEQ ID NO:7 and 8; or SEQ ID NO:9 and 10.

In an embodiment, the 5′ terminal residue of a strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated. In an embodiment the 5′ terminal residue of the antisense strand of the siRNA is phosphorylated.

As used herein an “aptamer” is a single-stranded oligonucleotide or oligonucleotide analog that binds to a particular target molecule, such as a Fidgetin-like 2 protein, or to a nucleic acid encoding a Fidgetin-like 2 protein, and inhibits the function or expression thereof, as appropriate. Alternatively, an aptamer may be a protein aptamer which consists of a variable peptide loop attached at both ends to a protein scaffold that interferes with Fidgetin-like 2 protein interactions

The present invention provides kits for treating wounds, preferably skin wounds.

A composition provided in such a kit may be provided in a form suitable for reconstitution prior to use (such as a lyophilized injectable composition) or in a form which is suitable for immediate application to a wound, including to the wound margin, such as a lotion or ointment.

In an embodiment of the invention the inhibitor of fidgetin-like 2 is provided by a subcutaneous implant or depot medicament system for the pulsatile delivery of the inhibitor to a wound or site where a wound is to expected be formed to promote wound healing. The inhibitor can be provided, for example, in a therapeutically effective amount to each centimeter of a wound margin or each centimeter of a site at which a wound is expected to be formed.

A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in any appropriate carrier. Suitable carriers are pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, preferably those consistent with administration topically or administration by injection.

It will be appreciated that, while the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 may be administered by the same route and in the same form in each incidence of treatment, different incidences of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 by different medicaments and/or different routes of administration. In embodiments of the invention the initial incidence of treatment may provide the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 by means of an injection, such as an intradermal injection, while the second (and any subsequent) incidences of treatment may involve provision of the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 by alternative routes, such as topical formulations, or vice versa. In an embodiment, multiple administrations of the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 may be effected by the same means or route.

The benefits that may be derived from the present invention may be applicable to wounds at sites throughout the body. However, it may be preferred that the wound for which healing is promoted is a skin wound. For illustrative purposes the embodiments of the invention will generally be described with reference to skin wounds, although they remain applicable to other tissues and organs. Merely by way of example, in another preferred embodiment the wound may be a wound of the circulatory system, particularly of a blood vessel. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include as a result of surgery or as a result of a burn. Other wounds in which wound healing may be promoted in accordance with the present invention include skin ulcers caused by pressure, venous stasis, or diabetes mellitus.

In a non-limiting embodiment the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is provided in a bulk-eroding system such as polylactic acid and glycolic acid (PLGA) copolymer based microspheres or microcapsules systems containing the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2. In an embodiment, blends of PLGA:ethylcellulose systems may be used as an appropriate carrier. A further medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may be formulated in a surface-eroding system wherein the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 is embedded in an erodible matrix such as the poly(ortho) ester and polyanhydride matrices wherein the hydrolysis of the polymer is rapid. A medicament in accordance with this aspect of the invention may also be formulated by combining a pulsatile delivery system as described above and an immediate release system such as a lyophilized injectable composition described above.

Examples of specific wounds in which healing may be promoted using the medicaments and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to, those independently selected from the group consisting of: wounds of the skin; wounds of the eye (including the inhibition of scarring resulting from eye surgery such as LASIK surgery, LASEK surgery, PRK surgery, glaucoma filtration surgery, cataract surgery, or surgery in which the lens capsule may be subject to scarring) such as those giving rise to corneal cicatrisation; wounds subject to capsular contraction (which is common surrounding breast implants); wounds of blood vessels; wounds of the central and peripheral nervous system (where prevention, reduction or inhibition of scarring may enhance neuronal reconnection and/or neuronal function); wounds of tendons, ligaments or muscle; wounds of the oral cavity, including the lips and palate (for example, to inhibit scarring resulting from treatment of cleft lip or palate); wounds of the internal organs such as the liver, heart, brain, digestive tissues and reproductive tissues; wounds of body cavities such as the abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity and thoracic cavity (where inhibition of scarring may reduce the number of incidences of adhesion formation and/or the size of adhesions formed); and surgical wounds (in particular wounds associated with cosmetic procedures, such as scar revision). It is particularly preferred that the medicaments and methods of the invention be used to promote healing of wounds of the skin.

The inhibitor may be used in a composition with additives. Examples of suitable additives are sodium alginate, as a gelatinizing agent for preparing a suitable base, or cellulose derivatives, such as guar or xanthan gum, inorganic gelatinizing agents, such as aluminum hydroxide or bentonites (termed thixotropic gel-formers), polyacrylic acid derivatives, such as Carbopol®, polyvinylpyrrolidone, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. Amphiphilic low molecular weight and higher molecular weight compounds, and also phospholipids, are also suitable. The gels can be present either as water-based hydrogels or as hydrophobic organogels, for example based on mixtures of low and high molecular weight paraffin hydrocarbons and vaseline. The hydrophilic organogels can be prepared, for example, on the basis of high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. These gelatinous forms are washable. Hydrophobic organogels are also suitable. Hydrophobic additives, such as petroleum jelly, wax, oleyl alcohol, propylene glycol monostearate and/or propylene glycol monopalmitostearate, in particular isopropyl myristate can be included. In an embodiment the inhibitor is in a composition comprising one or more dyes, for example yellow and/or red iron oxide and/or titanium dioxide for the purpose of matching as regards color. Compositions may be in any suitable form including gels, lotions, balms, pastes, sprays, powders, bandages, wound dressing, emulsions, creams and ointments of the mixed-phase or amphiphilic emulsion systems (oil/water-water/oil mixed phase), liposomes and transfersomes or plasters/band aid-type coverings. Emulsifiers which can be employed in compositions comprising the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 include anionic, cationic or neutral surfactants, for example alkali metal soaps, metal soaps, amine soaps, sulphurated and sulphonated compounds, invert soaps, higher fatty alcohols, partial fatty acid esters of sorbitan and polyoxyethylene sorbitan, e.g. lanette types, wool wax, lanolin or other synthetic products for preparing the oil/water and/or water/oil emulsions.

Compositions comprising the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 can also comprise vaseline, natural or synthetic waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters, for example as monoglycerides, diglycerides or triglycerides, paraffin oil or vegetable oils, hydrogenated castor oil or coconut oil, hog fat, synthetic fats (for example based on caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid or stearic acid, such as Softisan®), or triglyceride mixtures, such as Miglyol®, can be used as lipids, in the form of fatty and/or oleaginous and/or waxy components for preparing the ointments, creams or emulsions of the compositions comprising the inhibitor of fidgetin-like 2 used in the methods described herein.

Osmotically active acids and alkaline solutions, for example hydrochloric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide solution, potassium hydroxide solution, sodium hydrogen carbonate, may also be ingredients of the compositions and, in addition, buffer systems, such as citrate, phosphate, tris buffer or triethanolamine, for adjusting the pH. It is possible to add preservatives as well, such as methyl benzoate or propyl benzoate (parabens) or sorbic acid, for increasing the stability.

Pastes, powders and solutions are additional forms of compositions comprising the inhibitor of Fidgetin-like 2 which can be applied topically. As consistency-imparting bases, the pastes frequently contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic auxiliary substances, preferably, however, hydrophobic auxiliary substances containing a very high proportion of solids. In order to increase dispersity, and also flowability and slipperiness, and also to prevent agglomerates, the powders or topically applicable powders can, for example, contain starch species, such as wheat or rice starch, flame-dispersed silicon dioxide or siliceous earth, which also serve as diluent.

In an embodiment, the compositions comprise further active ingredients suitable for protecting or aiding in healing of the wound, for example one or more antibiotics, antiseptics, vitamins, anesthetics, antihistamines, anti-inflammatory agents, moisturizers, penetration-enhancing agents and/or anti-irritants.

In an embodiment of the methods and compositions described herein the subject is a mammal. In an embodiment the subject is human.

As used herein, “promotion” of wound healing, or grammatical equivalent, means an acceleration in any one or more of visual appearance of wound recovery, reduction in wound size, reduction in distance between wound margins, scab formation, fibroplasia and re-epithelialization as compared to the corresponding parameter in an untreated wound.

As used herein, “wound” is a break or discontinuity in the structure of an organ or tissue (including skin), which includes epithelium, connective tissue, and muscle tissue, caused by an external agent. Examples of wounds include, but are not limited to, skin wounds, ulcerations, bedsores, grazes, tears, cuts, punctures, tympanic membrane perforations, burns, and those that are a consequence of plastic surgery procedures.

With regard to the methods described herein to identify candidate agents as inhibitors of Fidgetin-like 2, one skilled in the art can readily screen libraries of compounds, for example small molecule libraries, using the methods as described to identify agents which are inhibitors of Fidgetin-like 2 and which are therapeutic in treating wounds and promoting the healing of wounds. In addition, one skilled in the art can employ the method to identify peptides, peptidomimetics, antibodies, antibody fragments and nucleic acids which are inhibitors of Fidgetin-like 2 and which are therapeutic in treating wounds and promoting the healing of wounds.

The method can be employed as an assay using detection and quantification techniques known in the art, including those pertaining to measuring enzyme activity, such as the ATPase activity of Fidegtin-like 2.

The methods can be used to identify inhibitors of Fidgetin-like 2 which can then be applied to wound models to determine if the agent promotes/accelerates wound healing, especially for skin.

Preferably the inhibitor is biomembrane-permeable or is conjugated or otherwise attached to a moiety which renders the inhibitor biomembrane-permeable.

A method is also provided for treating wound in a subject comprising administering to the subject an amount of an inhibitor of Fidgetin effective to treat the wound. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin is a nucleic acid. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin is an siRNA or shRNA. In an embodiment, the nucleic acid is directed against a DNA or mRNA encoding Fidgetin. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin is human Fidgetin. In an embodiment, the wound is a neuronal wound. In an embodiment, the inhibitor of Fidgetin is encapsulated in a nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the nanoparticle is a liposomal nanoparticle. In an embodiment, the Fidgetin comprises the following sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 11)    1 MISSTSVYGL KMQWTPEHAQ WPEQHFDITS TTRSPAHKVE AYRGHLQRTY QYAWANDDIS   61 ALTASNLLKK YAEKYSGILE GPVDRPVLSN YSDTPSGLVN GRKNESEPWQ PSLNSEAVYP  121 MNCVPDVITA SKAGVSSALP PADVSASIGS SPGVASNLTE PSYSSSTCGS HTVPSLHAGL  181 PSQEYAPGYN GSYLHSTYSS QPAPALPSPH PSPLHSSGLL QPPPPPPPPP ALVPGYNGTS  241 NLSSYSYPSA SYPPQTAVGS GYSPGGAPPP PSAYLPSGIP APTPLPPTTV PGYTYQGHGL  301 TPIAPSALTN SSASSLKRKA FYMAGQGDMD SSYGNYSYGQ QRSTQSPMYR MPDNSISNTN  361 RGNGFDRSAE TSSLAFKPTK QLMSSEQQRK FSSQSSRALT PPSYSTAKNS LGSRSSESFG  421 KYTSPVMSEH GDEHRQLLSH PMQGPGLRAA TSSNHSVDEQ LKNTDTHLID LVTNEIITQG  481 PPVDWNDIAG LDLVKAVIKE EVLWPVLRSD AFSGLTALPR SILLFGPRGT GKTLLGRCIA  541 SQLGATFFKI AGSGLVAKWL GEAEKIIHAS FLVARCRQPS VIFVSDIDML LSSQVNEEHS  601 PVSRMRTEFL MQLDTVLTSA EDQIVVICAT SKPEEIDESL RRYFMKRLLI PLPDSTARHQ  661 IIVQLLSQHN YCLNDKEFAL LVQRTEGFSG LDVAHLCQEA VVGPLHAMPA TDLSAIMPSQ  721 LRPVTYQDEE NAFCKIQPSI SQKELDMYVE WNKMFGCSQ.

In an embodiment, the Fidgetin is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence comprising the following:

(SEQ ID NO: 12)    1 gggtttgaaa ttccaacatg gcagaggctg cagtccgtct tcccttcaaa aacttggaat   61 gatttcaaat cataggcacc ttcacttaac cctagcttcc attcatcagc aaacacatcg  121 gatcgatgct acgctaacct atcgggttct ctctccgcgc gttcaggtta aatgaatacc  181 tgacgaaagg gcccacgttt caaggcagtg acatttgata gctgagagga aaagtggctt  241 taatgaaaag caacctttgg aattcctgct tgtgagaaat ccaattcagc tttttgtgct  301 gccagcaaga aatgatcagt agcaccagtg tttatggctt gaagatgcag tggacgccag  361 agcatgccca gtggccagaa cagcactttg acatcacctc aaccactcgg tctcctgccc  421 acaaagttga agcctacaga ggtcatctgc agcgcaccta tcagtacgcc tgggcgaatg  481 atgacatatc tgctctgact gcatccaacc tactaaaaaa atatgcagag aagtattccg  541 gcattttgga aggtcctgtg gaccgacccg tactcagcaa ctattcggac acaccatcag  601 gactagtgaa cggtcggaaa aatgaaagtg aaccctggca gccttccttg aattcagaag  661 ctgtttatcc catgaactgt gttccggatg ttatcactgc cagcaaagct ggagtcagtt  721 cagccctccc tccagcagat gtctctgcga gtataggaag ctctcctggg gtagccagca  781 acctgacaga acctagttat tcaagtagta cctgtggaag ccacactgta cccagtcttc  841 atgcagggct cccatctcag gaatatgccc caggatacaa cggatcatat ttgcattcta  901 cttatagtag ccagccagca cctgcacttc cttcacctca tccgtctcct ttgcatagct  961 ctgggctact acagccccca ccaccacctc ctccgccacc agccttggtc ccaggctaca 1021 atgggacttc taacctctcc agttacagct atccgtctgc tagctatcct cctcagactg 1081 ctgtggggtc tgggtacagc cctggggggg caccgcctcc gccttcagcg tacctgcctt 1141 caggaattcc tgctcccacc cccctacccc ccaccactgt tcctggctac acctaccagg 1201 gccatggttt gacacctatt gcaccgtcgg ctctgacaaa cagttcagca agttctctca 1261 aaaggaaagc tttctacatg gcagggcaag gagatatgga ctccagttat ggaaattaca 1321 gctatggcca acagagatct acacagagtc ctatgtacag aatgcccgac aacagcattt 1381 caaacacaaa tcgggggaat ggctttgaca gaagtgctga aacatcatcc ttagcattta 1441 agccaacgaa gcagctaatg tcctctgaac agcaaaggaa attcagcagc cagtccagta 1501 gggctctgac ccctccttcc tacagtactg ctaaaaattc attgggatca agatccagtg 1561 aatcctttgg gaagtacaca tcgccagtaa tgagtgagca tggggacgag cacaggcagc 1621 tcctctctca cccaatgcaa ggccctggac tccgtgcagc tacctcatcc aaccactctg 1681 tggacgagca actgaagaat actgacacgc acctcatcga cctggtaacc aatgagatta 1741 tcacccaagg acctccagtg gactggaatg acattgctgg tctcgacctg gtgaaggctg 1801 tcattaaaga ggaggtttta tggccagtgt tgaggtcaga cgcgttcagt ggactgacgg 1861 ccttacctcg gagcatcctt ttatttggac ctcgggggac aggcaaaaca ttattgggca 1921 gatgcatcgc tagtcagctg ggggccacat ttttcaaaat tgccggttct ggactagtcg 1981 ccaagtggtt aggagaagca gagaaaatta tccatgcctc ttttcttgtg gccaggtgtc 2041 gccagccctc ggtgattttt gttagtgaca ttgacatgct tctctcctct caagtgaatg 2101 aggaacatag tccagtcagt cggatgagaa ccgaatttct gatgcaactg gacactgtac 2161 taacttcggc tgaggaccaa atcgtagtaa tttgtgccac cagtaaacca gaagaaatag 2221 atgaatccct tcggaggtac ttcatgaaac gacttttaat cccacttcct gacagcacag 2281 cgaggcacca gataatagta caactgctct cacagcacaa ttactgtctc aatgacaagg 2341 agtttgcact gctcgtccag cgcacagaag gcttttctgg actagatgtg gctcatttgt 2401 gtcaggaagc agtggtgggc cccctccatg ccatgccagc cacagacctt tcagccatta 2461 tgcccagcca gttgaggccc gttacatatc aagactttga aaatgctttc tgcaagattc 2521 agcctagcat atctcaaaag gagcttgata tgtatgttga atggaacaaa atgtttggtt 2581 gcagtcagtg ataacttctt tagaaaaaaa aaatgtaatg aatgttggca cacacacata 2641 aaacctgcta catagggaat agagcccctt tccagtagag tttaaattgc aaagggtact 2701 ggggaagatg acgattaagt tgcatcttta gagtcagggt agatttggag gaaaagtgca 2761 tcaaatgaga gcttctgatt tgaaagcccc agatgacaga aagcatatgt ggatgctcag 2821 ttctgttcaa gctagacaac actcaccaag gagcaaggtg caagtgtgtt gatttcagaa 2881 ggacatgaac ctcgtgtgtt gattccattc tgctgttctc gagatttagt tgctgtcaag 2941 tgcctggagt ggtgctttat tttttgtttg cctcacaatt acattggtgg catgtgctaa 3001 tataaagagc tttaacttca aacattattg gactaaagag atgaacagtt gtgttatgac 3061 agaaaaccag atttttgcca ttttaagagc aacagtattc ctcaatcctg tctgttctgc 3121 agtattaagc taagaacagg taaaacaggg taacggtaat ctggacctta atttctgcag 3181 ttcatttctt ttaatgttct tgtctgcaaa aactcaggaa agtgattgtg atttgtacag 3241 tacctcaaag gaatgtgttg aaagcactat gtactgctga gagtaatagg ataggcttca 3301 atgttacttt atattaaaat gtatgtttac ctcaacaatt ggaaaatagc aaggaaaatt 3361 actttgaatg tatccagaaa aatactgaag tgtgatacaa ctgaatattt acagtttaaa 3421 gtagaaatgg aaggattttt ttaagttctt ttactaatta tggggaatta accagagcag 3481 aataattctt tatgtcaata actgcaagag ttcttagtac attgctcctt gataattaag 3541 tgaaaatgtt cttaaaaggt acactggtta attgaaagct acttattcag tttgtgttag 3601 tgtctagacc tgtcagccac aagacctgtt taggaccctg aaagtcacag tacctaaaaa 3661 ctatgactgc ctttttattg cataggtggt agtggtggtg atggtggtgg tagtttgcaa 3721 gttatctctt aaaactgctg ggaatggtgt cattctattc actaatctag cttatagact 3781 tgccgtgctg tttgatagaa tgcagaggat agcaaccaaa acaaatacac aaataaataa 3841 aaacaaaaac caaccaacaa accaacttac atacacatat atatatccac aaagaacctc 3901 tccatctcct ccccttcttt ttgactccac tcttgtcagt gcaattttgc ttctcatttt 3961 gaaatctggg ctgtagtgct cctgctttat ttctacctca gttttgttac atttctcttg 4021 gaaagtaaag tagaaaattg gaagtggaca cacacactgc aatgtagctt gccaaacatg 4081 ttactttgtt ttcttccatc tttcaccgta aatctagttt ccaaagacat cagcatttgt 4141 gcttacttcc acctcagtct accagcccca cccctaccca tggcataagt ggcatttttc 4201 ttaatttcct atttttctcc tgctctctgt caagttgttc tttgtatcct ttaatgcttt 4261 atgtgcaacc tttcattgat agtgggctga tgtttggcaa tgcttctgaa ctgtcacaga 4321 gcaggctgta gctttccaca gccactgccc atgcataagc agaacagcct ggccttttga 4381 atgtattttc ctgggttttt tccccttttc tttttttagt ttagagatgc agtaacaaaa 4441 ctgttgcaaa gcactggcat tttatgtatt caataaataa gtgatgtaca tttttaaaaa 4501 aatttaaata aatgcaatga gaagccccaa gaaag

All combinations of the various elements described herein are within the scope of the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

This invention will be better understood from the Experimental Details, which follow. However, one skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the specific methods and results discussed are merely illustrative of the invention as described more fully in the claims that follow thereafter.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS

Introduction

At present, papers have not been published on human Fidgetin-like 2, but the mouse homologue has been found to be highly expressed in most tissues (with the exception of testes) (Yang, Mahaffey et al. 2005). However, this laboratory has now identified the following role for human Fidgetin-like 2.

Results

Fidgetin-like 2 is expressed in human tissue culture cells where it localizes to microtubules. FIG. 1A shows a Western blot of human U2OS cell lysates probed with an anti-Fidgetin-like 2 antibody generated in lab. This antibody recognizes a single band that is substantially decreased by Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treatment (see FIG. 2 below). FIG. 1B shows a migrating U2OS cell double-labeled for Fidgetin-like 2 and microtubules. At high magnification (inset), Fidgetin-like 2 clearly co-localizes with spans of the microtubule lattice near the cell edge.

Cells depleted of Fidgetin-like 2 display a several-fold increase in their rate of wound healing and migration (FIG. 2). FIG. 2A shows Western blots of U2OS cell lysates obtained from control (N) and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cultures (72 hrs after treatment). Actin was used as a loading control. FIG. 2B shows time-lapse phase contrast images of “wound healing” assays performed in control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cultures. In these assays, a monolayer of U2OS cells is “wounded” by a pipette tip and the invasion of cells into the wound is monitored over time. FIG. 2C shows the average rate of wound closure in each condition which is increased nearly 4-fold after Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA. FIG. 2D shows the trajectories of single control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA treated cells as they enter the wound zone. Not only do Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA-treated cells move several-fold faster than controls, they also display more directionally persistent migration as indicated in FIG. 2E.

Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA also dramatically enhances chemotaxis of cultured human cells (FIG. 3). The impact of Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA on chemotaxis of human U2OS cells was measured in a transwell assay (modified Boyden chamber). This assay counts the number of cells that move through 8 μm pores towards a chemoattractant loaded in the distal well. The graph in FIG. 3 shows the number of control (N) and siRNA-treated (FI2) cells that migrated through the pores before and three hours after the addition of a chemoattractant (Fetal Bovine Serum).

Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA elevates the rate of U2OS cell proliferation (FIG. 4). Although the biochemical activity of Fidgetin-like 2 has not been previously demonstrated, we have found that the closely related protein, Fidgetin, utilizes ATP hydrolysis to induce microtubule severing and depolymerization, in vitro (FIG. 5). FIG. 5 shows kymographs showing (left panel) severing of a MT incubated 50 nM recombinant Fidgetin and (right panel) depolymerization at the minus-end of a polarity marked induced MT incubated with 25 nM Fidgetin. ATP was added in both conditions. The reaction is entirely inhibited by the non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue, AMPPNP

The studies of Fidgetin-like 2 were repeated in human dermal fibroblasts (adult). Fibroblasts depleted of Fidgetin-like 2 displayed a >2-fold increase in the rate of “wound closure” as determined by a standard scratch assay (see FIG. 6). The left panels of FIG. 6 show time-lapse phase contrast images of “wound healing” assays performed in control and Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA-treated cultures of human dermal fibroblasts. In these assays, a monolayer is “wounded” by a pipette tip and the invasion of cells into the wound is monitored over time. The right panel of FIG. 6 shows the average rate of wound closure measured in each condition.

In further experiments, topical application of Fidgetin-like 2 siRNA (encapsulated in nanoparticles) to mouse full thickness biopsy wounds was found to enhance wound healing (FIGS. 7, 8 and 9). In addition, depletion of Fidgetin-like 2 from embryonic mouse hearts was found to stimulate neoangiogenesis (FIG. 10). Furthermore, depletion of Fidgetin, and depletion of Fidgetin-like 2 from rat primary hippocampal neurons were both found to promote axon regrowth (FIGS. 11, 12 and 13).

EXAMPLE

A skin wound in a human subject is treated with a topically applied siRNA or shRNA which inhibits Fidgetin-like 2. The topically applied siRNA or shRNA is effective to treat the skin wound in the human subject. The topically applied siRNA or shRNA accelerates skin wound healing in the human subject.

REFERENCES

Yang, Y., C. L. Mahaffey, et al. (2005). “Functional characterization of fidgetin, an AAA-family protein mutated in fidget mice.” Exp Cell Res 304(1): 50-58. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of inhibiting scarring in a subject comprising directly administering to a wound an amount of a siRNA or shRNA directed against a DNA or RNA encoding a human Fidgetin like-2 comprising the amino acid set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 effective to inhibit scarring.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA is administered.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the shRNA is administered.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA directed against a DNA or RNA encoding human Fidgetin-like 2 has at least one 2′ sugar modification.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the shRNA directed against a DNA or RNA encoding human Fidgetin-like 2 has at least one 2′ sugar modification.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the siRNA or shRNA is directed against an mRNA encoding the human Fidgetin-like
 2. 7. The method of claim 2, wherein the siRNA comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID NOS:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or
 10. 